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The thinking and visual world of Confucianism and Taoism in the pre-Qin Dynasty – taking Lao Zhuang, Confucius, Mencius and Xun Xun as examples
Author: Yao Haibing (Qingshima Urban Academy)
Source: Author authorization released, original written by Xu Xiaoqiu: “Oriental Philosophy and Civilization” (Editor 10), Beijing: China Social Sciences Bookstore, 2024, pages 192-206.
Abstract: In the pre-Qin period, Confucianism and Taoism are the best. Lao Tzu talked about water, insisted on the lack of thoughts and was refined, used water to describe the way, and connected the way, and moved from natural philosophy to political philosophy, with the meaning of opening up the mountain. Zhuangzi’s discussion of water is inherited from Lao Tzu, from Tao to virtue, and also knowledge, integrating natural philosophy and knowledge philosophy, and having innovative and exemplary meanings. Confucius’ water discussion is based on a natural perspective to reflect people’s society, and emphasizes water development and embraces the virtues of all things, and can cultivate oneself and govern the country. Mencius discussed water, and observed water with art, and observed humanity and benevolence and wisdom, and was in harmony with Confucius. Unfortunately, he failed to break through and was not good enough to be conquered. Xunzi discussed water, and went down to Confucius, and made considerable progress. In order to study and manage politics, the kind of gifted hearts are all included in this. It refers to the field of discussion, and it is mostly used to refer to real things and metaphors, reaching the level of water without anything, showing Xunzi’s thinking characteristics and extremely superb theoretical coordination. The pre-Qin Confucianism and Taoism water combined with the painting of water has created a beautiful picture of the late Central Chinese water civilization.
Keywords: Lao Zhuang; Confucius, Mencius and Xun; Water; Contemplation and Vision
Shui is the main resource for the existence of all life and life within humans. The nomadic people live by water and grass, and the farming people build their homes along the water, which has become the preservation of the late human race. The origin of human civilization is closely related to the river channel, thus forming four civilizations. The Central Chinese civilization began in the Yellow River Domain, the ancient Egyptian civilization originated in the Niro River Domain, the ancient Indian civilization originated in the Indus River Domain, and the Cuba Bilun civilization was well observed in the two river Domain. The four ancient civilizations each had their own “Mother’s River”, which proved the main meaning of water in the creation of civilization. The passwords related to the source of civilization and water must be hidden in classical civilization, and their feelings and thoughts about water must be hidden in the classics. Specifically in the pre-Qin period of our country, the works of hundreds of schools of thought failed to prevent any involvement in water, so many outstanding high-level discussions emerged, among which Confucianism and Taoism discuss water with the most contemplative and philosophical meanings. Taking the pre-Qin Confucianism Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi and the pre-Qin Taoist Lao Zhuang as the “view point”, this can open up the pre-Qin Confucianism and Taoism’s thinking and thinking world, and can briefly understand the profound meaning of water, and then explore the broad and wonderful views of the late Central China water civilization.
1 Lao Tzu talks about water: using water to describe Tao, there are seven virtues, and the word “water” appears only a few three times in “The Moral Demons”, but the philosophical meaning is extremely thick, and lifting water to the height of Tao, greatly enriching the meaning of China’s water civilization. Lao Tzu said: “The best is like water. Water is good at benefiting all thingsNot to be arguing, the people are afraid of it, so it is more important to the Tao. Live in a good place, be kind and kind, be kind and kind, speak with trustworthy, do good governance, be good at doing things, and be good at exercising good times. Only when there is no conflict, so there is no special one. “The Lord of the Heshang notes that “the highest good is like water” means “the highest good person is like water’s nature. ”[①] From the perspective of the communication between the superior good people and the virtues and nature of water, Long-term careThe best people are like water, and they show the virtue of water everywhere. In particular, there are seven virtues of water: living in a good place, being calm and calm, being honest and innocent, sticking to trustworthy, being good at managing and talented, and being good at managing and managing. Be able to be superior and act in harmony. Lao Tzu used water to describe people, and this water virtue is the virtue of the best. He also used water virtue to describe “benefiting all things without competing” as a saying, which is consistent with the virtue of “Tao”. The meaning of “Tao” is difficult to understand, and water is enough to describe it. Lao Tzu used water to describe Tao, thinking that water is “just to Tao”, and from the “water” that experienced the world, he went to the “Tao” that surpassed the world, and bought itBaoqiang.com Rating A road to logic from the common experience to the supernatural philosophy of natural philosophy.
In addition, Lao Tzu said from the perspective of the natural nature and operation method of water: “No one in the country is weaker than water, and no one who has strong achievements can do it, because it is impossible to change it. The strength of weakness and the strength of softness are all known to the whole country, and no one can do it. Therefore, the sage said: “Assessing the filth of the country are the ruler of the country; receiving the foulness of the country is the king of the whole country.” Just say the opposite. ”[②] From the emergence of the weak characteristics of water, from the phenomena of sinking boats that were observed in daily experience, Lao Tzu came up with the general principle of weak and strong resistance, and further formed the “righteous statement” thinking method, and explained it as a strict request for the ruler of the country and the king of the whole country. Lao Tzu came from the water The natural character leads to the territorial governance field, deepens the philosophy of water, and opens up the channel for the transformation of natural philosophy to political philosophy.
Lao Tzu uses the unique perspective of water as a metaphor, and breaks out the practical experience dimension of life water, and emphasizes the href=”https://twhoneyblog.com/Eric/”>Integrate the pipelineFrom the natural nature of water to describe, metaphor, and physical enlightenment, it forms the attitude of high proportion between water and Tao, and digs out various characteristics of water weakness and benefiting all things, and draws out the general principles of weakness and strength, and realizes the reunion of connection between water and man, from water virtue to the way of governing the country, and complete philosophical interpretation of water that experiences the world Reading actually has the exemplary meaning of opening up the mountain in the Chinese water civilization.
2 Zhangzi’s discussion of water: Fish water discusses Tao, from Tao to virtue, and also knowledge
The book “Zhangzi” is “a rough fable”, so what it says is the author’s own philosophical understanding [③]. Zhuzi’s words are vast and unrestrained, and they are mostly natural things, and water is also among them.
The Zhuangzi Rescue Station is narrow and old, and the inside is deserted. The discussions about fish water at the back of the service station mostly use stories as a loading method, and use methods such as comparison, examples, and imagination to open up the path of integrating literature philosophy with philosophy, which is very exquisite. He said through Confucius: “Fishing fish together is made of water, and people are created by Tao. Those who are created by water can penetrate the pond and raise them; those who are created by Tao can create stability without any matter. Therefore, it is said that fish are forgotten in the world, and people are forgotten in the Tao.” [④] Fish cannot open the water, and people cannot open the Tao. Zhuangzi compared the relationship between fish and water to the relationship between people and Tao. On the one hand, Lao Tzu inherited the thought of using water to describe Tao; on the other hand, he followed the thought of fish relying on water and people relying on Tao, and then innovated the layer upwards, adding the word “forget”, which led to the conclusion that “fish are forgotten in the world, and people are forgotten in the art of Tao”, which also made the relationship between fish truly have the taste of Zhuangzi’s thinking, highlighting a lively and natural living and business.
Sea will not live without water, and people will not grow without millet. Zhuangzi was in charge of his family and was brave enough to “bear a woman to borrow millet to the Marquis of He”. He never thought that the Marquis of He would sway and refuse him without saying anything. The story of the dried-up worm c TC: